A diagnostic for maternal autoAb to Caspr2 to predict increased risk of autism spectrum disorder in children
Spark2flame, Inc., Roslyn Heights NY
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Abstract
PROJECT SUMMARY Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) describes a collection of neurodevelopmental abnormalities of varying severity that have been estimated to impact more than 1% of Americans, mostly males. ASD can negatively impact one?s ability to communicate and navigate social interactions. In its most severe forms, ASD also can lead to self-destructive, repetitive behaviors that require afflicted persons be institutionalized for their own safety. The prevalence of ASD has grown in recent decades;? one explanation for this trend is that poorly appreciated environmental factors have raised the underlying incidence of the disorder. Early in utero exposure to circulating maternal antibodies (Ab) has been implicated increasingly as a major risk factor for children to develop ASD. This model posits that maternal antibodies bind to proteins on the surface of the fetal brain and interfere with normal development. It is supported by studies in mice and monkeys that have revealed that sera purified from mothers with ASD children, when injected before a critical point in gestation, can trigger changes in brain anatomy and ASD-like behavioral phenotypes in offspring. Indeed, > 10% of ASD cases may be explained by fetal exposure to maternal brain-reactive antibodies. Yet this mode of pathogenesis has two salient consequences: 1) maternal Ab represent detectable biomarkers that can indicate ASD risk, and 2) ASD risk could be mitigated by treating mothers with a ?decoy antigen? to neutralize deleterious antibodies. Spark2Flame (S2F) seeks to develop clinical products in both of these areas. S2F?s efforts to identify ASD-risk biomarkers led to the isolation of a monoclonal antibody, C6, that recognizes the transmembrane protein Caspr2, which has been associated with ASD through pedigree analysis. Injecting pregnant mice with purified C6 causes defects in brain anatomy and behavioral phenotypes in male offspring, recapitulating the sex-bias ASD shows in humans. Two additional Ab, cloned from other mothers, also bind Caspr2. These results argue that Caspr2-reactive antibodies are predisposing for ASD. In this Phase I SBIR, S2F will examine the feasibility of developing a predictive clinical diagnostic assay for ASD-risk based on detecting maternal serum reactivity to Caspr2. In Aim 1, mice will be immunized with Caspr2 before pregnancy to test the pathogenicity of pre-existing, polyclonal Caspr2 antibodies for disrupting normal brain development. In Aim 2, S2F will develop a proof-of-concept ELISA method for rapidly and inexpensively detecting Caspr2 reactivity in serum. Finally, to discover predictive biomarkers for ASD risk, serum Caspr2-epitope binding profiles will be compared between mothers of a normally developing child and mothers of an ASD child (Aim 3). Successful completion of this Phase I project will identify the most deleterious Caspr2-reactive maternal antibodies, which will focus efforts to develop a predictive clinical diagnostic assay and inform strategies to create a biologic therapeutic to neutralize these antibodies.
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