Reducing Health Disparities Among Minority Households Through Improved Financial Decision Making: Evidence from Negative Income Transfers Generated by the Affordable Care Act
Drexel University, Philadelphia PA
Investigators
Abstract
PROJECT SUMMARY The Affordable Care Act (ACA) transitioned the United States away from a voluntary health insurance system to a universal participation scheme primarily through the use of an individual mandate, which requires all Americans to obtain some form of health insurance coverage or face a penalty. By mandating a more inclusive system, the individual mandate is able to raise social welfare through lowering the overall cost of accessing healthcare services. On the other hand, an involuntary insurance scheme can compromise the economic security of households, as the lack of complementary policies within the ACA forces some households to finance a significant part of their health insurance premiums. This negative income transfer from the ACA can constrain household budgets to the point where they curtail utilization of necessities, which can lead to the adoption of adverse health behaviors that can cause negative health outcomes. Moreover, as minority households are most likely to be living in or near poverty, they are disproportionally affected more than other groups. This is a particularly troubling result, as the ACA?s individual mandate raises social welfare at the expense of individual welfare without a clear mechanism to compensate for this loss. One way to address this issue is for households to seek transfer payments from the government that will help limit their losses to health and medical related debts. Governments are ideal to engage with, as they issue one- way transfers that are not required to pay back. In general, households can solicit transfers from the government using the tax system (i.e., claiming medical deductions) or bankruptcy to reschedule or discharge medical debts. Such financial tools have the potential of not only mitigating welfare losses from negative income transfers, but also allow for reinvestment into a household?s health and wellbeing. The research contained within this proposal investigates two main aims. The first research aim investigates the impact of income transfers generated by the ACA on household financial decision-making. The main analysis in this aim utilizes difference-in-difference models to examine the impacts of both positive and negative income transfers on a household?s propensity to itemize deductions or declare bankruptcy. The second aim examines the impact of financial decision-making on health outcomes. Logistic regression and multinomial regression are both utilized to examine how the morbidity of disease and appropriate levels of utilization are impacted by itemization and bankruptcy decisions.
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