Single-molecule resolution of RNA editing of mRNAs: visualizing GRIA2 editing in situ in ALS
University Of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
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Abstract
Project Summary Much of the basic biology of mRNA editing remains unknown despite decades of study, largely due to the limitations of existing experimental methods. Adenosine to Inosine (A to I) editinga result of adenosine deamination catalyzed by deaminases such as ADAR enzymesis one of the most common forms of posttranscriptional chemical modification of RNA, generally known as RNA editing. A to I editing is essential for not only noncoding RNA function, such as rRNA and tRNA higherorder structure stabilization, but also for posttranscriptional mRNA regulation. For example, GRIA2, which encodes the GluR2 subunit of the AMPA glutamate receptor, has a highly conserved ADAR2targeted editing site in its coding sequence. Perturbation of the orthologous rat Gria2 editing event leads to neurological dysfunction. In humans with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), many diseaseaffected motor neurons appear to die as a result of glutamatergic calcium toxicity and have deficient GRIA2 editing, and Adar2 knockout mice demonstrate an ALSlike phenotype, which is rescued upon exogenous expression of edited Gria2. GRIA2 and several other mRNA A to I editing targets have been studied for more than twenty years, and over the last four years transcriptomewide surveys of A to I editing have provided evidence for many more mRNA targets. Despite this motivation, much basic information about the biology of this important mRNA regulatory process, including its subcellular localization, timing relative to transcription, and association with other regulatory factors, remains unknown largely due to the limits of experimental techniques. Recently, our laboratory described a fluorescence ?in situ ?hybridization method for visualizing and quantifying singlenucleotide variants (SNVs) in single cells using a novel probe hybridization strategy known as SNV FISH. We are leveraging inosine's structure as a guanosine analog to adapt SNV FISH to the analysis of A to I editing in a protocol we refer to as inosine FISH (iFISH). Our preliminary data show that we can use iFISH to specifically identify edited and unedited GRIA2 transcripts i?n situ ?in cultured cells. In this project, we are quantifying subsinglecellular trends in A to I editing of known targets, such as GRIA2 and mRNA targets newly identified in transcriptomewide screens. Specifically, we are using iFISH to measure singlecell editing rate distributions, to visualize subcellular localization patterns of edited mRNAs, and to measure editing timing relative to transcription. We are also studying the effect of ADAR2 on subcellular GRIA2 trafficking. Lastly, we are applying our novel method toward better characterizing perturbations of GRIA2 editing in individual motor neurons in ALS lesions by extending the use of iFISH to fixed sections of postmortem brain and spinal cord tissue samples from healthy and diseased donors.
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