The Effect of Multicellularity on Bacterial Interactions and Diversity
Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
Investigators
Linked publications & trials
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bacterial lifestyles can be extremely complex, manifested most strikingly in the formation of highly cooperative multicellular structures like biofilms. Beyond the inherent basic biological interest, these complex traits have significant impacts on how bacteria relate to human health both as a defense response leading to increased drug resistance and as a source of clinically-??relevant antibiotics, which are often only produced in certain social contexts. In my post-??doctoral work I have used the model bacterium Bacillus subtilis to study how multicellular behaviors affect the way bacteria interact with each other. I found that B. subtilis can judge whether or not neighboring cells are close relatives, a phenomenon called kin discrimination. They do this using the extensive and diverse complement of antimicrobial molecules that each strain produces. This kin discrimination behavior creates an evolutionary pressure to diversify, resulting in so much intraspecies variation that even very closely related strains cannot coexist in their natural habitat. The first aim of this proposal will focus on the consequences of kin discrimination, specifically whether a population can better resist invasion by non-??kin cells than kin. This will inform our understanding of natural microbial populations living in and around us, and how they respond to outside influences. I will also learn important technical skills involved in experimental evolution, including genome sequencing, comparative genomics, and the bioinformatic and programming skills inherent to working with large genomic datasets. The second aim seeks to gain a better understanding of the diversity lurking within the B. subtilis species by examining three routes of evolutionary change: amino acid substitutions, gain/loss of entire genes, and changes in gene transcription. By looking across multiple strains in multiple multicellular contexts, I will be able to see which of these changes is most common in early strain divergence and which genes are under the most pressure to change. This will generate a catalog of evolutionary information that will be useful for many years and open many avenues of research for my own independent lab. The techniques involved, such as RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analyses, will be invaluable additions to my skillset. The third aim of this application will examine the generality of my findings in other bacteria. Given that B. subtilis use antibiotic molecules to recognize each other, I will look in the phylum of bacteria that produces the majority of approved antibiotics: Actinobacteria. Examining intraspecies interactions can help shed light on the evolution of antibiotic production and how best to mine for clinically relevant molecules. I will investigate the ability of the Actinobacteria Streptomyces to discriminate kin from non-??kin, and whether this is mediated through antibiotic diversity. This project will be my introduction to Actinobacteria, with the long-??term goal of studying other aspects of their fascinating multicellular lifecycle. The training I will continue to receive under Dr. Roberto Kolter at Harvard Medical School will give me a great foundation of microbiology experience on which to build my career. HMS provides a number of advantages that will facilitate my advancement, including core sequencing facilities, bioinformatic resources, and courses dedicated to career development. Additionally, I will receive specialized training from experts in the fields of microbial genomics and Actinobacteria biology to accomplish the goals of this proposal and broaden my development as a scientist. The knowledge and techniques I will acquire under this award will be instrumental in obtaining my career goals and becoming an effective independent investigator.
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