Establishment and Modulation of DNA Methylation Patterns in Arabidopsis

Salk Institute For Biological Studies, La Jolla CA

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Abstract

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): DNA and its associated histones are the two main components of chromatin and together they organize the genetic information within the cell and serve as a backdrop for a vast array of essential cell biology including DNA replication, transcription, recombination and repair. However chromatin is not static, it is altered by the addition of various chemical tags, termed chromatin modifications, to DNA and/or histones. One such modification, DNA methylation, is associated with gene silencing and plays important roles in diverse biological processes including imprinting, cellular differentiation and the maintenance of genome integrity. Yet, our understanding of how specific DNA methylation patterns are established and how they lead to gene silencing is poorly understood. Gaining insight into these facets of DNA methylation will be critical not only in understanding normal processes but also in understanding how alterations in methylation patterns can lead to developmental defects and the progression of diseases. This proposal focuses on understanding the roles of several newly identified protein complexes in the plant model Arabidopsis thaliana. These complexes are proposed to play key roles in facilitating gene silencing by modulating chromatin structure and in establishing locus- and/or cell type-specific patterns of DNA methylation. The goals of these studies are to mechanistically connect DNA methylation to changes in chromatin that are refractory to gene expression and to assign specific components of the DNA methylation machinery to unique DNA methylation patterns. Together, these findings will expand our knowledge of how DNA methylation, gene silencing, and developmental programs are coupled-a critical process for normal growth and development that when disrupted contributes both acute and chronic diseases. Arabidopsis is an ideal system to study epigenetic processes, like DNA methylation, as it is genetically malleable, has a small genome that is highly amenable to genome-wide analyses, and is tolerant of dramatic changes in its epigenetic landscape. In addition, many of the key players and pathways involved in establishing and maintaining epigenetic modifications are conserved between plants and mammals. Thus, understanding of the machinery that shapes DNA methylation profiles and in turn, understanding of how DNA methylation influences downstream processes like transcription in plants, will be applicable to analogous processes in mammals.