Comparing Novel Strategies for Reducing Drug Abuse in Male and Female Rhesus Monkeys
University Of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN
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Abstract
Over 1.5 million people in the US habitually use cocaine each year (SAMHSA 2013), resulting in many premature deaths, with no treatments available. The goal of this proposal is to compare males and females and menstrual cycle phase as well as with challenging impulsive and compulsive drug taking schedules using 3 novel treatments: 1) a nondrug reward, a saccharin-sweetened liquid (SACC). Healthier nondrug rewards, such as physical exercise, have been used to reduce drug seeking in rats (see Carroll & Lynch 2015) and humans (Rawson et al. 2015), but due to logistics and safety issues, this is difficult to administer in existing monkey labs. However, SACC and exercise produce similar reductions in drug-seeking behavior in rats, and SACC reduces drug-seeking to a similar extent in rats and monkeys. 2) Progesterone (PRO), a hormone involved in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, reduced subjective effects of drugs in humans (e.g., Saladin et al. 2015) and drug-seeking in rats and monkeys (see review by Carroll & Smethells 2015). 3) Cocaine- hydrolase ? CocH is a genetically-engineered enzyme delivered by a viral vector that stimulates CocH production in the liver, metabolizing cocaine before it reaches the brain. In rats and monkeys our preliminary data show that CocH reduces or stops cocaine seeking, and its effects for months to years (Anker et al. 2012; Geng et al. 2013; Zlebnik et al. 2013). Similar methods may be available for other drugs of abuse. The overall strategy used in this proposal is to examine the 3 treatments individually and in combinations of 2 or 3 in male and female monkeys and in the follicular and luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Cocaine self-administration will be compared to alcohol on behavioral measures of impulsive drug choice by a delay-discounting schedule that offers a small amount of drug immediately or a larger amount after a delay and compulsive drug-seeking that occurs during daily extended access and is detected by elevated break-points on a progressive-ratio schedule. These behavioral tasks will be assessed with cocaine and alcohol, and treatments will be administered under each condition . Dose response functions have been previously studied, and an optimal concentrations will be chosen. First, drug intake will be reduced by the nondrug reward, SACC. The second treatment will be PRO, followed by a SACC + PRO combination, and the third treatment will be CocH alone, then combined with SACC and PRO; SACC + PRO + CocH. Each treatment and combination will be followed by a no-treatment washout period. It is hypothesized that additive treatments will be more effective than single treatments. Since the CocH treatment is dependent on the amount of cocaine in the blood, it is hypothesized that CocH treatment will be more effective when cocaine levels are lowest, and once drug-seeking behavior is suppressed by SACC and PRO, it will remain low when these treatments are removed. It is also hypothesized that females will be more responsive to treatment than males under the SACC, PRO and combination conditions, but sex differences have not been found for the CocH condition.
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