Biological Interventions to Improve Cognition in Children with Sickle Cell Disease
Washington University, Saint Louis MO
Investigators
Linked publications, trials & patents
Abstract
ABSTRACT Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) experience widespread cognitive deficits along with numerous other medical consequences including stroke, acute chest syndrome, pulmonary hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and premature death. Although it is clear that molecule changes within the sickled cell greatly reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, our understanding of SCD pathophysiology is inadequate. Therefore, the specific mechanisms by which cognitive deficits occur are not yet fully understood. Currently, there are no biological interventions aimed at improving cognition in children with SCD. There are, however, biological interventions that improve health and disease outcomes in SCD. Blood transfusion is an intervention that is an essential and life-saving component of clinical care in SCD and is the major focus of preventing incidence and recurrence of cerebral vascular accidents such as stroke and silent infarct. Blood transfusion increases oxygen carrying capacity, replaces rigid, sickle-shaped red blood cells with normal cells, and restores blood flow. Another biological intervention is hydroxyurea therapy, which is a commonly used disease modifying treatment for SCD that increases overall blood flow through its ability to boost levels of fetal hemoglobin. Because blood transfusion and hydroxyurea therapy increase the availability of oxygen rich blood in the body, including the metabolically active brain, this project proposes that the blood transfusion and hydroxyurea therapy are interventions through which improvements in cognition could be achieved for children with SCD. In the proposed project, we will first test cognition in a cohort of children with SCD at two time points, after a blood transfusion and 4 ? 6 weeks later before their next transfusion. This methodology will allow us to determine if cognition worsens the farther away children are from the oxygen improving transfusion. Results will be compared to a cohort of children receiving hydroxyurea therapy (hydroxyurea group) and to a group of children not receiving transfusion or hydroxyurea (control group). We will relate findings to blood biomarkers of SCD. Given that after transfusion (high oxygen delivery) there is a recent increased availability of oxygen rich blood to the brain, we hypothesize that the transfusion group will have improved cognition compared to the hydroxyurea group and control group. We further hypothesize that because hydroxyurea improves blood flow, the hydroxyurea group will have improved cognition compared to the control group. The findings will have important implications for functional and academic outcomes for children with SCD and will provide information that could influence the development of future treatment options tailored to the specific cognitive and clinical needs of this population struggling with SCD.
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