Protein Palmitoylation and the Etiology of X-Linked Intellectual Disabilities
University Of South Florida, Tampa FL
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Abstract
Early onset intellectual disabilities (ID) affect 1-3% of the population and results in a major burden to families and society, with lifetime costs estimated to be $1-2 million. There are many causes, some of which are preventable such as malnutrition and fetal alcohol syndrome. However, the most severe forms of ID have genetic causes, and approximately 25% of all cases have been mapped to chromo- somal deletions, rearrangements, and mutations. X-linked intellectual disabilities (XLIDs) account for approximately 10-12% of male ID cases. Identification of the responsible genes holds out the promise that having an inventory of potentially defective genes, and understanding the molecular defects will lead to better tests and treatments to help patients and their families. Several ID mutations (X-linked and autosomal) have been mapped to members of a family of protein acyl transferase (PAT) enzymes that our group discovered and is characterizing. They are referred to as zDHHC PATs, named for a conserved sequence motif in the active site of the enzyme (Asp-His-His-Cys). Mutations in zDHHC genes have been linked to colorectal and leukomyloid cancers, cardiovascular disease, infectious dis- eases, and neurological disorders. Despite the growing appreciation of the role of palmitoylation in cell physiology, the molecular mechanism of palmitoylation and depalmitoylation, substrate selection, and regulation of palmitoyl transfer activity requires further study. The proposed studies will lay the ground- work for future studies aimed at clarifying the link between zDHHC9 mutations and XLID and for under- standing the molecular mechanisms that link palmitoylation to disease in general. We will accomplish these goals by pursuing two specific aims: (1) Identification of zDHHC9 palmitoylated substrates in neu- rons;? and (2) Determine how altered palmitoylation causes neuronal defects that can lead to X-Linked Intellectual Disability (XLID). Successful completion of these studies will increase our understanding of the role of protein lipidation in cellular regulation during health and disease. The proposed research is innovative because of the new techniques we will use to probe the mechanism of action of a new family of enzymes central to the establishment of spatial regulation of signaling networks.
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