Integrating the world's microbiology laboratories into a global microbial surveillance system
Brigham And Women'S Hospital, Boston MA
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Abstract
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY Germs travel and germs change ? to avoid, contain, or best treat the world's infecting germs and their resistance genes we need to know where they are and where they're going. All we can know about the spread of microbes to avoid or contain them must come from the world's microbiology laboratories, the only places that see them. Repurposing the routine patient reports of the world's microbiology laboratories into a comprehensive system for global surveillance of infecting pathogens will thus make infections easier to avoid, treat, and survive. It will locate each patient's infection within evolving global and local epidemics of infecting microbes that only all the reports together can see. Big Data can integrate the data of the world's tens of thousands of microbiology laboratories to detect, track, and contain such epidemic clones sooner. It can discriminate them by routine antimicrobial resistance test results and further by selective typing, now by nucleotide sequencing. Automated early detection of a common clone at a center can alert its infection control, and at multiple centers both theirs and the public health agency for the region. Such control is increasingly urgent. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates resistant pathogens cause over 23,000 deaths/year in the United States. It is worse in much of the world with more resistance, fewer antibiotics and less control over their use. The World Economic Forum estimates gross domestic product losses from 0.4% to 1.6%. The aggregate enormously rich data of the world's microbiology laboratories, however, are now largely inaccessible, under?interconnected, under?analyzed and underutilized. Our center, the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance, has for decades given microbiology laboratories free software, WHONET, to translate their diverse files into interoperable, standardized data for analysis and for merger into surveillance networks. WHONET is used in >2300 laboratories in >110 countries supporting national and international networks including ReLAVRA of the Pan American Health Organization, the EARS?Net network of the European Union, and the Global Emerging Infections Surveillance (GEIS) program of the U.S. Department of Defense. This project will build on long?standing collaborations between WHO Collaborating Centre for Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance, WHONET?Argentina, the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, and Public Health England Colindale. New Big Data tools will upgrade WHONET to a relational database schema with cloud?based storage, secure patient and facility confidentiality, and synchronization with national databases. New multi?level algorithms built on the concept of ?phenotypic strain? recognition and tracking will detect and alert responders to impending problems to improve patient safety, and thus incentivize extending surveillance to all of the world's microbiology laboratories further enhancing its granularity. The new platform will integrate resistance and strain type gene findings made possible by rapid advances in whole?genome sequencing technologies and sequence processing pipelines to support contextual reporting to clinicians and public health authorities to support patient safety and resistance containment.
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