The establishment of Schwann cell polarity and the initiation of myelination

University Of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA

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Abstract

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Cell polarity is critical for various cellular processes including establishing the antero-posterior axis, generating distinct membrane specializations (apical and basal polarity), as well as asymmetric cell division and axon specification. Essentially, cell polarity plays fundamental roles in helping to organize and integrate complex molecular signals in order for cells to make decisions concerning fate, orientation, differentiation, and interaction. In the nervous system, neurons and glia share a mutual dependence in establishing a functional relationship, and none is more evident than the process by which glia form myelin around axons. The formation of myelin is an exquisite example of cell-cell interaction, which consists of the polarized or unidirectional wrapping of multiple layers of membrane concentrically around an axon initiated at the site of the axon-glial interface. While myelination is a highly polarized process, the involvement of cell polarity in its formation remain largely uncharacterized. We have recently identified a novel role for the Par (partitioning defective) polarity complex in the initiation of myelination. This polarity complex localizes asymmetrically in myelin- forming cells at the SC-axon interface, and disruption of Par localization, dramatically inhibits myelination without affecting cell division, migration, or even axonal alignment. The central hypothesis of this proposal is that axonal signals facilitate the breaking of symmetry in the SC and initiate myelination by coordinating cytoskeletal dynamics/rearrangement and gene expression. Our recent findings provide us with a rare opportunity to characterize the presence of this polarized molecular scaffold at the SC-axon interface that leads to the unidirectional activation of myelination. A clear understanding of the molecular and cellular events that pave the way for the myelin-forming cell is vital in advancing therapies for demyelinating diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis, the peripheral neuropathies, and even nerve injury.