Neurogenesis and Migration in Developing Cerebral Cortex

Stanford University, Stanford CA

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Abstract

PROJECT SUMMARY (Sea instructions): Recent findings that white matter tracts, particularly the corpus callosum, show abnormal organization in autistic individuals have focused our interest on later steps of cortical maturation, and in particular on the ability of cortical neurons to extend axons to specific long distance targets. In previous work, my lab has worked on the roles of four key transcription factors¿Fezf2. Ctip2, Tbr1 and Satb2¿in specifying projection neuron fates. We showed that Satb2, a DNA-binding protein that regulates chromatin organization and gene expression, is expressed in cortical neurons that extend axons across the corpus callosum, and that Satb2 mutant neurons alter their projections and extend axons to subcortical structures. Conversely, Fezf2, Tbr1 and Ctip2 are expressed by neurons that form subcortical projects. In the presence of Fezf2, neurons adopt a subcortical projection neuron identity; in its absence, many layer 5 and 6 neurons become callosal projection neurons5. The fate change affects not only the projections of Fezf2-expressing cells but also their gene expression and electrophysiological properties, both of which acquire callosal characteristics. These and other experiments have fueled our current interest in the transcriptional networks that control projection neuron identity. Here we propose to extend this work into a new realm, by performing a genome-wide assessment of the transcriptional networks that confer appropriate connectivity onto cortical neurons. We describe evidence that Ldb genes are new players in the formation of long-distance connections, then describe a plan for performing a novel and innovative genome-widescreen to map out the transcriptional networks by which Ldb proteins and other transcription factors regulate specific patterns of cortical connectivity.