Pathogenesis of Physical Urticaria Syndromes

National Institute Of Allergy And Infectious Diseases

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Abstract

Urticaria is a common skin disorder involving mast cell activation and degranulation. Urticaria is classified according to its chronicity into acute and chronic forms. It may occur spontaneously or on exposure to a physical factor. In the latter case, the urticaria is classified as a physical urticaria. Physical urticaria may be induced by mechanical and applied pressure, exercise, or exposure to cold, heat, sun, water, or vibration. The pathologic basis of physicial urticarias in general remains unclear and a genetic basis for these disorders has not been elucidated. The purpose of this protocol is to investigate the mast cell dependent pathogenic mechanisms of physical urticaria, both to better understand how to manage urticarial inflammation and to explore the consequences of mast cell degranulation in human tissues. In these studies, adult and pediatric patients undergo standard challenge testing to verify their urticaria. Blood samples are obtained for the investigation of molecular and genetic pathways involved in the disease process. Following the clinical induction of urticarial manifestations, additional blood samples are collected to determine soluble mediators involved in pathogenesis. Photographic imaging studies are performed during challenge testing. Skin biopsies are obtained prior to and following challenge testing that are analyzed for biochemical and histological markers. Since the inception of the physical urticaria protocol in 2009, we have enrolled over 100 patients and 25 healthy subjects. All patients safely underwent challenge testing based on their history. Blood samples and skin biopsies have been collected and stored for biochemical, molecular and, when applicable, genetic analysis. Mast cell degranulation was verified by skin biopsy. The majority of the patients were challenge positive to either cold-induced, cholinergic, dermatographism, solar or vibratory urticaria. To date, in 15 patients with physical urticaria, we have found IL-1 beta levels from stimulated whole blood samples not to be elevated, suggesting lack of activation of the inflammasome in this condition. In seven patients with acquired cold urticaria we have found a consistent peak in serum histamine at approximately 10 minutes following cold hand immersion challenge testing which correlates with the regional changes in dermal blood flow as determined by non-invasive imaging technology. Serum tryptase was not elevated. Other mediator assays are pending. Antihistamine variably and incompletely blocked changes in blood flow. In searching for alternative mechanisms by which mast cells could be activated by cold exposure in patients with cold urticaria, we examined the hypothesis that mast cells could be activated through the transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) cation channel. We investigated the expression and role of TRPM8 receptor in both human and mouse non-transformed mast cells. Although expressed in mouse mast cells, we found no evidence of TRPM8 expression in human mast cells or functional mutations in TRPM8 in cold urticaria patients. Furthermore, neither mouse nor human primary cultured mast cells degranulated in response to cold challenge or TRPM8 agonists and mast cell reactivity was unaffected in Trpm8(-/-) mice. From these data, we concluded that TRPM8 is unlikely to directly regulate mast cell activation in cold urticaria.